Investigators in New York state studied the relationship between workforce supply (physicians, NPs, and PAs) and 1) ED use and 2) in-patient hospitalizations for chronically ill Medicaid beneficiaries. Results showed that as the NP/beneficiary proportion increased, ED visits for dual and nondual eligible beneficiaries decreased. Counties with a higher proportion of NPs and PAs had significantly lower numbers of ED visits and hospitalizations for Medicaid beneficiaries. Source: Norful, Allison A.; de Jacq, Krystyna; Liu, Jianfang; Ye, Siqin; Khadka, Simran; Poghosyan, Lusine. The impact of nurse practitioner and physician assistant workforce supply on Medicaid-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 33(12):1190-1197.